home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
Text File | 1994-11-23 | 10.3 KB | 222 lines | [TEXT/ttxt] |
- 3 Data on the Mac
- The purpose of this section of the User's Guide is to
- introduce you to how the Macintosh Operating System
- organises data. Nevertheless, many functions are left out
- because they have no visible effect on MacDOS (although
- MacDOS itself is aware of them!). To have a full and
- detailed description of the Macintosh File Manager, you
- should refer to Apple's Inside Macintosh volume series.
-
- Volumes and Drives
- Inside Macintosh Vol II defines a volume as a piece of
- storage medium [...] formatted to contain files. Removable
- media like floppies are volumes.
-
- When you introduce a floppy into the floppy drive, the Mac
- OS assigns to it a Volume Reference Number and forms a
- volume record to store information about the floppy. The
- volume is then said to be "mounted" and "on-line".
-
- When the floppy is trashed, the Mac OS frees the Volume
- Reference Number and the memory containing the volume
- record. The volume is then said to be "unmounted" and the
- Mac OS completely forgets the floppy. Only volumes which
- are on-line are fully accessible by applications.
-
- When you eject the floppy (ie. when you type cmd-E and the
- icon becomes grey), the Mac OS releases most of the
- information concerning the floppy but retains the Volume
- Reference Number. The volume is then said to be "mounted"
- but "off-line". When an application tries to access a
- volume which is off-line, the Mac OS asks you to re-insert
- the floppy, so that it can be placed back on-line.
-
- If you boot a Mac from a hard disk, insert one floppy,
- eject it with cmd-E, and then insert a second floppy, the
- Mac OS assigns VRefNum 1 to the startup disk, 2 to the
- first floppy, and 3 to the second.
-
- If you then unmount volume 2 by trashing the icon of the
- first floppy, the Mac OS frees VRefNum 2 but does not re-
- arrange the numbers. Therefore, the second floppy remains
- volume 3.
-
- Finally, if you eject with cmd-E the second floppy instead
- of trashing it and then insert another floppy, the Mac OS
- re-uses VRefNum 2. In other words, the same Volume
- Reference Number can be assigned to different floppies at
- different times.
-
- A drive is the physical device on which you can mount a
- volume (eg. a floppy disk drive). At startup, the Mac OS
- assigns Drive Numbers to all drives and never changes them
- thereafter. For instance, the internal floppy drive is
- always drive 1, the external floppy drive is drive 2, and
- so on. Most Operating Systems (including DOS) operate on
- Drive Identifiers (the A:, C:, etc of DOS, which are
- effectively equivalent to the Macintosh Drive Numbers).
-
- Beside never changing, a Drive Number also remains valid
- regardless of whether a floppy is ever mounted on the drive
- or not.
-
- Especially if you are an experienced DOS user, it is
- important that you fully understand the differences between
- the two concepts of "volume" and "drive".
-
- Folders
- A folder is a collection of files and other folders.
-
- You can use folders as if they really contained files, and
- the desktop metaphor reinforces this view. Nevertheless,
- folders are more like a telephone directory, in that they
- contain the information necessary to find the files (ie.
- the people) rather than the files themselves. This is why
- it is so quick to move files from one folder to another:
- the files remain where they are and only a short directory
- entry is moved.
-
- This misconception of folders actually containing files
- leads to the concept of a "folder size". In reality,
- folders have no size of their own. If you work with System
- 7.0, try this: empty the Trash, create an empty folder,
- trash it, and then empty the Trash once more. The Mac OS
- will display a dialog box saying: The Trash contains 1
- item. It uses zero K of disk space ...
-
- A folder name can contain up to 31 characters and most
- ASCII characters are accepted.
-
- Files
- Again from Inside Macintosh Vol II: A file is a finite
- sequence of numbered bytes.
-
- Macintosh files can consist of two parts called forks: the
- data fork and the resource fork. These two parts have
- different functions and are usually accessed separately.
-
- The resource fork is the structured part of a file and
- contains objects like menus, fonts, icons, pictures, and
- code. All application files have a resource fork. In fact,
- most applications have no data fork at all.
-
- The data fork is the unstructured part of a file and
- contains data used by applications, like text, database
- records, and format preferences. Many document files
- contain a data fork but no resource fork.
-
- File Names
- A file name can contain up to 31 characters and most ASCII
- characters are accepted.
-
- File Updates
- For each file, the Mac OS remembers the date and time of
- its last update. Files are only considered updated when
- their content is changed. Therefore, operations like
- renaming, changing of attributes, moving, and copying do
- not modify the date and time of the last update.
-
- File Finder Attributes
- The Mac OS keeps data concerning the appearance of files on
- the desktop. This information is stored in records called
- "Finder Info"s, and each file has its own FInfo record. The
- fields which you need to know in order to work with MacDOS
- are:
-
- File Creator
- The Creator of an application identifies the application
- itself. The Creator of a document identifies the
- application which created it. In practical terms, the
- Creator of a document determines which application is
- launched when you double click on the document icon.
-
- All creators are registered with Apple, so that they are
- unique. They consist of four characters and are case
- sensitive. For instance, MacDOS' creator is 'mDOS' and
- Teach Text's is 'ttxt'. The Creator '????' is often used
- to identify files which were created by unregistered
- applications.
-
- File Type
- The Type of a file identifies its function. It consists
- of four characters and is case sensitive.
-
- Apple has defined some standard types which many
- applications use. For example: plain ASCII files are of
- type 'TEXT' and applications are of type 'APPL'. In
- addition, many applications define special file types
- for their own use.
-
- The Finder uses Creator and File Type to determine what
- icon to display for a particular file.
-
- Creators & Types Relevant for MacDOS
- • Creator 'mDOS'; type 'APPL'
- The MacDOS application file.
- • Creator 'mFLR'; type 'APPL'
- Applications that can operate as MacDOS extensions and
- interact with MacDOS through pipes.
- • Creator 'ToyS'; type 'TEXT'
- Text AppleScripts that can be executed.
- • Creator 'mDOS'; type 'TEXT'
- Batch files that can automatically launch MacDOS when
- double-clicked.
- • Creator 'ttxt'; type 'TEXT'
- Text files created by TeachText. By default, MacDOS
- creates all text files with this creator.
- • Creator 'hhgg'; type 'INIT'
- File sharing extension, to be switched off before
- quitting the Finder.
- • Creator 'MACS'
- The creator of the Finder.
- • Type 'APPL'
- Generic applications that can be launched.
- • Type 'osas'
- Compiled AppleScripts than can be executed.
- • Type 'TEXT'
- Generic text files used for I/O redirection or to be
- executed as batch files from within MacDOS.
-
- Hidden Flag
- Within the FInfo record, a flag determines whether the
- icon of the file is to be displayed on the desktop or
- not. This flag is used to protect system files and other
- files which should not be accessed with the mouse during
- normal operations.
-
- Usually, you can access the hidden flag through special
- applications like ResEdit. MacDOS lets you list hidden
- files and work with them. It also lets you easily toggle
- the hidden flag with the command REN/H.
-
- Aliases
- Aliases are files which store the location of other items
- like files, folders, and floppies. Apple introduced them
- with System 7.0 .
-
- In most cases, you can use an alias as if it were the
- corresponding target, because the Mac OS hides the
- connection and automatically refers to the target.
-
- The way in which MacDOS handles aliases can be summarised
- as follows:
-
- • The DIR command, which lists the contents of a
- folder, handles aliases as if they were normal files
- except when the user applies the command to a single
- aliased folder. In that case, DIR resolves the alias and
- lists the contents of the target folder. In lists of
- filenames, aliases produce double entries which provide
- information on both the alias itself and the target.
-
- • Commands which operate on files always handle
- aliases like files, so that aliases can be renamed,
- copied, and deleted like normal files, regardless of
- whether they have as target a file or a folder.
-
- • Commands which operate on folders fail when applied
- to an aliased folder, with one exception: CHDIR applied
- to an aliased folder resolves the alias and sets the
- default directory to be the target folder.
-
-